Book review: Miracles and Wonder: The Historical Mystery of Jesus

In Miracles and Wonder: The Historical Mystery of Jesus, Elaine Pagels delves into the Gospels, the first four books of the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John). Based on critical literary and historical analysis, these books were written anonymously 40 to 70 years after Jesus’ death. But, Pagels says, their intent was not to document history or write a biography but to “spread good news about faith in Jesus.”

With Sunday school, an illustrated Bible, hymns and Christmas songs, children learn about Jesus’ life from start to finish. But the Bible isn’t so linear. It was “a huge effort to pull all four Gospels together, as if they tell a single story,” Pagels explains. These books have some similarities and curious differences. For example, Matthew and Luke mention the birth of Jesus, but Mark and John do not. Matthew says the Magi follow the new star that proclaims the birth of the new king. Luke has no star and no Magi, but local herdsmen visit baby Jesus asleep in the manger.

Matthew, Mark, and Luke share similar content, order of events, and wording, which suggests they may have used common sources. However, the authors and the audiences were different. Mark, who wrote the earliest surviving account, was a devout Jew who believed in one God. Luke was a Gentile and became a (Jewish) convert. John, who Pagels calls the “radical revisionist writer,” is the one who explicitly says Jesus is the Son of God, whose sacrificial death atoned for the sins of the world. All of them use words of the Jewish prophets and the Psalms to prove Jesus’ life was foretold in Scriptures.

In 325 CE, Emperor Constantine gathered 300 bishops to formulate the Nicene Creed, the core Christian beliefs about the nature of God and the divinity of Christ—the basis of the Gospel of John. Over the decades that followed, church leaders and councils decided which doctrines and stories fit this overarching message. Of the many stories of Jesus that existed, few were chosen as scripture; the rest were destroyed.*

The Gospels remind us how Jesus lived, with love, compassion, and support for everyone. And, as Pagels declares, “In a world filled with challenge, oppression, and suffering, their stories shift—often suddenly—into hope.”

Miracles and Wonder is both the keystone and cornerstone to Pagels’ other books on early Christianity and the Gnostics. As a historian and religious scholar, she thoughtfully considers the historical mystery of Jesus and his message while adding personal stories and reflections on her life’s work.

Thanks to Doubleday for the ARC.

Rating: ★★★★★

Miracles and Wonder: The Historical Mystery of Jesus 
by Elaine Pagels
Doubleday, 2025

*Despite the decree, monks from Nag Hammadi hid some of the forbidden texts in caves. In 1945, these early Christian and Gnostic texts were discovered in a sealed jar. 

Book review: Cleavage: Men, Women, and the Space Between Us

In her first memoir, She’s Not There (2003), Jennifer Finney Boylan takes us from childhood through the process of transitioning into a woman. And in the end, the reader is left with the same question that faces Jenny: What about her marriage?

In Cleavage, the author is in her 60s and looking back at her life, as a boy, man, husband, father, trans woman. The memories are so vivid and perfectly preserved in two genders. The disassociation of being a girl in a boy’s body somehow does not destroy or diminish those experiences, like attending an all-boys private high school, dating, marrying Deedee and having two children, living by the lake in Maine, and making bread. Boylan is surrounded by a supportive community and loving family and friends.

As a professor and public figure, there’s little sense of conflict, antagonism, or anti-trans sentiment. It made me wonder, was Boylan holding back negative moments? Or was this book’s intention a celebration of their life? But then, there’s this line that echoes through me, especially now: “I am practicing how not to get beaten within an inch of my life.”

Boylan writes about the societal pressures of being a woman, of being lesser than: the voice of uncertainty, the immature vocabulary, the salad instead of steak. It’s oddly disconcerting when she starts obsessing over weight. Boylan also covers trans conventions, voice lessons, passing as female, that in between space, and the privilege of being trans—the expensive surgeries and procedures available only to people above a certain tax bracket.

In the end, I felt like I was invited into Jenny’s world, though I also wanted to sit at the counter to watch the breadmaking and then bite into a slice.

Thanks to Celadon Books for the ARC.

rating: ★★★★

Cleavage: Men, Women, and the Space Between Us
by Jennifer Finney Boylan
Celadon Books, 2025

Book review: Heretic: Jesus Christ and the Other Sons of God

With the subtitle, “Jesus Christ and the Other Sons of God,” Catherine Nixey’s book Heretic is expected to raise eyebrows.

Greek and Roman writers, she says, created parodies of the many so-called prophets. To them, Jesus was just another claimant putting on the mantle of son of God. While in the marketplace, magicians, witches, and astrologers promised health cures, in the temples, people asked divine beings for help by offering miniature models of their afflicted anatomy. Some practitioners used tricks to make the blind see, the lame walk, and the dead rise because it helped businesses boom. So how could they tell if Jesus was the real deal?

Besides his message, what set Jesus apart was tradition. Yet Apollonius of Tyana (b. 15 CE, d. 100 CE) had a similar backstory: An angel visited his pregnant mother; the heavens marked his birth with a lightning bolt; he preached and gained followers; he raised the dead; the Romans put him on trial; he vanished, presumably died, and then reappeared to his followers. Nixey argues Jesus and Apollonius’ trials and deaths are foreshadowed by the philosopher Socrates (c. 470 BCE to 399 BCE).

There’s no doubt that the historical Jesus existed. Yet anomalies exist about his life in the New Testament, like two gospels claiming his virgin birth while other canonical books give Joseph the credit and provide his and Mary’s ancestry. As the cult of Jesus spread, some followers incorporated their own ideas and stories, plus bits of other faiths and spiritual leaders into their religion. 

(For more on the branches of Christianity, check out Lance Grande’s charts and text in The Evolution of Religions: A History of Related Traditions.)

At this juncture, I expected Nixey to slap back with how the New Testament created uniformity for Christian beliefs. She does explore the Apocrypha and the Nag Hammadi scrolls and how their stories add to the Bible. But I had hoped she’d mention how the official canon was chosen, why she thinks some books were not included, and tempt us with the possibility of secrets hidden in the Vatican Apostolic Archives or in undiscovered caves.

Instead, we read how Christianity grew exponentially when Emperor Constantine (c. 272 to 337 CE) converted to Christianity and how Roman roads carried the Christian message to the far reaches of the empire and beyond. And then, since she’s a classicist scholar, Nixey bemoans the great loss of Greek and Roman art, manuscripts, and buildings—destroyed by the Holy Roman Empire. Between that, the horror of the Crusades, the laws of persecution, and the unholy desire to control the world, I’d say the Church also stomped on Jesus’ main message: Love. 

The closing chapters show how Christianity tried to erase the classical world—its pantheon of gods, philosophy, science, medicine, law, literature, arts, and architecture—in deference to the Church’s desire for control and real estate. 

Heretic is a work of history not theology, as Nixey states in the author’s note. It’s written for popular audiences.

rating: ⭐⭐⭐

Heretic: Jesus Christ and the Other Sons of God
by Catherine Nixey
Mariner Books

Book review: The Resurrectionist

The Resurrectionist captures Edinburgh’s cobbled streets lined with gray buildings, the boisterous university students, the early morning fog, the bustle of tradespeople and travelers, the smell of beer. 

It’s 1828, and in defiance of his family’s wishes, James Willoughby embarks on a thrilling but ultimately dangerous adventure: to attend Edinburgh’s famed university to study medical science, whatever the cost. Soon, he is thrust into the darkly competitive world of body snatchers, to provide specimens to pay for the private anatomy school essential to his studies.

A. Rae Dunlap creates characters you care about, even though they’re involved in illicit and unethical acts—from James to the artistic dissectionist, the professional mourner, and the faithful lookout. As readers, we are rooting for them. That’s why The Resurrectionist is one of those gothic novels that’s hard to put down. It’s gory but good.

rating: ★★★★★

The Resurrectionist  
by A. Rae Dunlap
Kensington Publishing

Book review: The Dead of Winter: Beware the Krampus and Other Wicked Christmas Creatures

As an American reader, Krampus and scary yuletide creatures are mostly foreign to me. In The Dead of Winter, Sarah Clegg takes us on her winter travels through different European countries to explore the dark and threatening side of the season. 

In these pages, we go from the English Lord of Misrule, the horsehead-skulled Mari Lwyds in Wales, the judgy Italian witch Befana, and the punishing Germanic horned beast Krampus to the upside-down social order of the Carnival in Venice. As a folklorist, Clegg is good at exploring how these traditions started out and evolved over the centuries.

With The Dead of Winter, I was struck by how different the American upbringing compared to European families over the centuries—even though many of us have ancestral ties to Europe. But if you look hard enough, North American children know the threats of bad behavior and coal in their stockings. It’s just subtler, without the parades of nightmarish creatures passing through. 

After reading Clegg’s book, you’ll understand hidden meanings behind some Christmas TV classics and carols. Perhaps you'll even incorporate some of these traditions, like a Krampus run, into your holiday festivities. 

rating: ★★★★

The Dead of Winter: Beware the Krampus and Other Wicked Christmas Creatures
by Sarah Clegg
Algonquin Books

Real Krampus, 2024

Here's the Real Krampus who visited Old Town Hall in Salem, Massachusetts, a few days before Krampusnacht (December 5). Impressive and scary, he punishes bad children or scares them into being good so that they'll find treats from good Saint Nicholas the next morning (St. Nicholas Day, December 6). 

Book review: Reproductive Rites: The Real-Life Witches and Witch Hunts in the Centuries-Long Fight for Abortion

Sophie Saint Thomas’ latest book tackles reproductive rights, systemic injustices, and lack of bodily autonomy issues for women throughout the ages. According to an old medical papyrus, she writes, it’s been proven that ancient Egyptians used birth control and emmenagogues or abortifacients. Through withdrawal, suppositories, barrier methods, and nature’s own herbal pharmacy, earlier peoples learned by trial and error how to limit or encourage pregnancies as needed.

While misogyny certainly existed back then, it grew exponentially with the Roman Empire converting to Christianity—and controlled by (purportedly) celibate, cloistered men. After all, German monk Martin Luther (95 Theses) said “let [women] bear children to death. … They were created for that.” Although Catholic church policy was against birth control, some leaders like Saint Augustine of Hippo believed abortion was acceptable before a clearly human shape formed or the “ensoulment” of a fetus occurred.

For witches, Saint Thomas includes French midwife, abortion provider, and fortuneteller Catherine Monvoisin, who also provided deadly poisons and performed Black Masses for her clients. She was burned at the stake for witchcraft in 1680. In more modern times, Laurie Cabot (b. 1933) was designated the Official Witch of Salem in 1977 by the Massachusetts governor.

For witch hunts, Saint Thomas relies on Stacy Schiff’s The Witches: Suspicion, Betrayal, and Hysteria in 1692 Salem—a book lambasted by Jane Kamensky in the New York Times—causing her to repeat debunked information. For example, trial documents refer to Tituba as an Indian servant. After being released from jail, she disappears from the historical record. She later becomes known as Tituba the Black Witch of Salem. Saint Thomas says, “this indicates that she was associated with black magic … [but] it could also have a more straightforward explanation: her skin color.” Fifty years ago, Chadwick Hansen proved that Tituba’s metamorphosis from an Indian to a Black person occurred and was based on prevalent 19th-century racism, which in turn made Tituba the scapegoat for the Salem witch trials (New England Quarterly, March 1974).

For centuries, witches have been associated with Satan, since the (female) witch’s power comes from her pact with the (male) Devil. Between Anton LaVey’s Church of Satan and the Satanic Panic of the 1980s, Saint Thomas shows how wild ideas about devil-worshipping sex groups, Black Masses, and child sacrifices became rampant in the news.

And that’s how the Christian right uses Americans’ fears to demonize any person or movement supporting reproductive rights.

Written in a pop-history style, Saint Thomas makes accessible 4,000 years of health care. With Roe v. Wade overturned in 2022, reproductive justice is on the ballot in 2024. The difference between Republican and Democratic platforms are starkly different. As a reminder, Saint Thomas points out that Justice Samuel Alito cited 17th-century jurist Matthew Hale when announcing the Supreme Court’s Dobbs decision. “Hale asserted that marital rape could not constitute a crime.” 

Your vote matters.

rating: ★★★★

Reproductive Rites: The Real-Life Witches and Witch Hunts in the Centuries-Long Fight for Abortion
by Sophie Saint Thomas
Running Press 

Book review: The Royal Palaces: Secrets and Scandals

With its beautiful watercolors, The Royal Palaces is the perfect keepsake for the places you’ve visited in Britain or ones that you wish to. But it’s more than that. Kate Williams is an expert on the British monarchy and she’s filled the pages with fascinating details—beyond when and which royals lived at each location, when it was built and in which architectural style, who made renovations, and if it’s still in use or in ruins and why.

For example, Windsor Castle was first built by William the Conqueror of 1066 fame and today is the oldest inhabited castle in the world. Henry VIII and his favorite bride Jane Seymour are buried there, but without all the pomp that he had planned. Windsor also was a favorite of Queen Victoria, even though she almost met her demise there eight times!

With brother Edward VI on the throne, young Elizabeth lived with her father Henry VIII’s widow Katherine Parr until improprieties forced her to leave. She was at Hatfield House when she found out sister Mary had died and she had become queen.

At Lochleven Castle, Mary Queen of Scots was forced to abdicate her crown, shortly after a traumatic miscarriage of twins fathered by a man she’d been coerced into marrying. Yet George I and his son George II blithefully kept their mistresses and illegitimate offspring at St. James Palace while on the throne. And, not surprisingly, there’s at least one secret passage from one royal residence to another.

Amid the opulence or decay of these 30 royal homes, you’ll learn of intriguing stories that will bring history to life.

rating: ★★★★

The Royal Palaces: Secrets and Scandals
by Kate Williams
Quarto Publishing Group