Book review: Crime and Punishment in Tudor England: From Alchemists to Zealots

English laws and the penalties for breaking them were harsh. 

While the Tudor era ended before the Winthrop fleet arrived on the shores of Massachusetts Bay Colony, some of the crueler penalties were not abolished until the 19th century. Fortunately, the Puritan colonists created the first 100 rules of 1641's Body of Liberties based on the Bible—and used more humane treatment compared to what they left behind in England.

In 1692 Salem, Massachusetts, however, when Giles Corey refused to enter a plea in court, he was pressed to death for it. This gruesome punishment, also known as Peine forte et dure, was only used once stateside. But it was not abolished in England until 1772. In fact, in English courts the accused was not given the option of pleading “not guilty” until 1827. 

Other examples include a thief who steals bread could get a hand cut off, while a vagrant could get branded with the letter V. Some punishments were designed for maximum humiliation, with the crowds throwing rotten foodstuff at convicts in the cart or at the pillory. That was tame compared to being drawn and quartered, then hanged—again, with crowd participation.

If you’re looking for more details on Crime and Punishment in Tudor England, pick up the new book by April Taylor. The author provides background information on lawmaking, prisons, and court systems—and 23 pages of punishments, from beheading to whipping. In the book's second half, crimes from sumptuary laws to treason are covered in alphabetical order, each followed by case studies. You’ll learn what evidence could be used against the accused, what tortures could be applied to gain a confession, and even which strategies were used for the criminal’s demise.

Taylor turns crime and punishment in the Tudor period into a fascinating read, while the alpha-order format makes it easy to browse or research specific topics.

rating: ★★★★

Crime and Punishment in Tudor England: From Alchemists to Zealots
by April Taylor
Pen & Sword History

Book review: Witching Year: A Memoir of Earnest Fumbling Through Modern Witchcraft

Dedicating herself to learning about and practicing witchcraft for a year and one day, Diana Helmuth does exactly what I would do: Buy lots of books on the subject. But here’s the problem: Witchcraft is a personal spiritual exploration, and what works for Gerald Gardner or Skyhawk or Laurie Cabot may not be your path—especially since there’s no defining text like, say, the Bible.

As a teenager, Helmuth had friends who dabbled in witchcraft. It was empowering and otherness wrapped into one. In her early 30s and without a strong connection to other religions and belief systems, Helmuth seeks that spiritual connection, one spell at a time. Living in the Bay area of California with her atheist boyfriend and a mischievous cat who intrudes upon her new practice, not everything goes as planned. And that’s what makes Helmuth’s story unexpected and entertaining.

While sharing her adventures at occult shops, lunar celebrations with strangers, clothing-optional weekends in the woods, interviews with practicing witches, and travels to famed witch cities, Helmuth doesn’t hold back on her internal dialogue. She expresses her frustrations of synthetic traditions and historical inaccuracies. She struggles with her magical intentions and doubts. And she cannot find all the props—candles, herbs, incense, bowls, crystals, et cetera—required for some rituals. So she learns to improvise and find her own path.

Besides her witchery, Helmuth’s memoir captures everyday life and momentous events, from learning how to raise chickens to pandemic quarantines. It's an interesting read, but stopping at day 366—though planned—felt too arbitrary in relation to her journey. 

(She also needs to return to Salem, Massachusetts, to get the full experience.)

rating: ★★★★

Witching Year: A Memoir of Earnest Fumbling Through Modern Witchcraft
by Diana Helmuth
Simon Element